{"id":17353,"date":"2024-12-27T06:00:43","date_gmt":"2024-12-27T06:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/letslaw.es\/?p=17353"},"modified":"2024-12-10T15:14:14","modified_gmt":"2024-12-10T15:14:14","slug":"liability-corporate-director","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/letslaw.es\/en\/liability-corporate-director\/","title":{"rendered":"The liability of the corporate director"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we have mentioned on several occasions in this blog, shareholders, who are mostly capitalists, i.e., those who have contributed capital to the company, are generally only liable up to the amount of their contribution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But what about the director? They are the ones who, in fact, manage the company daily, making many of the business decisions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a general rule, directors should not be overly concerned as long as they act with reasonable diligence. <\/span><b>Additional liability arises only when their conduct deviates from the reasonable standards expected of someone in their position<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Below, we will analyze the potential liabilities of an average director in a limited liability company, leaving aside administrative matters, which could be a topic for another post.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From the Perspective of Corporate Law<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>A. Corporate Action for Liability Against Directors<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This action can be brought by the company, represented by its shareholders, when it is believed that the director has acted against the interests of the company.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The purpose of this action is to compensate the company for any damages caused and, potentially, to remove the director from their position.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Requirements for filing:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shareholders representing at least 5% of the share capital may request this action.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Approval requires a simple majority at the shareholders&#8217; meeting (unless otherwise agreed in private agreements).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In many cases, depending on the shareholder structure, this action may not succeed if the majority shareholders do not support it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>B. Individual Action Against Directors<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This action allows shareholders or third parties to claim compensation for direct damages to their personal assets caused by the director&#8217;s negligent or intentional actions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Typical scenarios:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poorly managed contracts that harm a third party.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deliberate decisions that directly and individually affect a shareholder.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike the corporate action, here the damage is not to the company as a whole but to a specific individual, who is therefore entitled to file a claim independently.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>C. Breach of Directors&#8217; Duty of Care and Loyalty<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 227 of the Spanish Companies Act states:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directors must perform their duties with the loyalty of a diligent representative, acting in good faith and in the best interest of the company.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failure to comply with this duty may lead to the following consequences:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Obligation to compensate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0for damages caused to the company&#8217;s assets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Restitution to the company<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0of any unjust benefits obtained fraudulently or improperly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is crucial for directors to properly document their decisions and ensure they align with the company&#8217;s interests to protect themselves against potential claims.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From the Perspective of Criminal Law<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In criminal matters, directors may incur liability if their actions constitute crimes as defined in the Penal Code. Although the offense of &#8220;mismanagement&#8221; has been removed as a standalone category in Spanish law, its effects are now covered under:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fraud<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Misappropriation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This means that a director who improperly disposes of company assets against the company&#8217;s interests or fraudulently could face significant criminal liability, including prison sentences, depending on the severity of the acts.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The responsibility of corporate directors is a broad and multifaceted topic. From <\/span><a title=\"commercial lawyers\" href=\"https:\/\/letslaw.es\/en\/commercial-lawyers\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">corporate law<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to criminal law, their actions must always be guided by the principles of diligence, loyalty, and good faith.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A director who fulfills their legal obligations, documents their decisions, and acts in the best interest of the company can significantly reduce the risk of liability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As always, we recommend that companies and directors seek <\/span><a title=\"startup advice\" href=\"https:\/\/letslaw.es\/en\/commercial-lawyers\/startup-advice\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">specialized legal advice<\/span><\/a> <b>to prevent disputes and protect the interests of both the company and its directors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<div 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